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Viranşehir, located in Şanlıurfa Province, southeastern Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position within the Harran Plain, a fertile agricultural region bordering Syria. Situated at approximately 37.23°N, 39.77°E, and an elevation of roughly 72 meters (236 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Mesopotamian Plain. This flatness, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Viranşehir lies within a semi-arid climate zone, influenced by continental air masses. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive farmlands, primarily cultivating wheat, barley, and cotton, interspersed with occasional villages and scattered steppe vegetation. To the east, the rugged Taurus Mountains rise, creating a barrier that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s urban character is developing, transitioning from a primarily agricultural hub to a growing urban center, with expanding residential areas and increasing vehicular traffic. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities immediately adjacent to the city limits. The proximity to the Syrian border and the presence of agricultural industries, including fertilizer production and irrigation practices, contribute to potential sources of air pollution. The lack of significant natural water bodies within immediate proximity further limits natural air cleansing mechanisms, making Viranşehir susceptible to localized pollution accumulation, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Viranşehir’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its semi-arid climate and prevailing weather patterns. Summers (June-August) are characterized by intense heat, minimal rainfall, and frequent periods of atmospheric stability. This often leads to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Agricultural activities, including the use of machinery and fertilizers, intensify during this period, contributing to particulate matter and ammonia emissions. Dust storms, common in the region, exacerbate the problem, significantly reducing visibility and increasing respiratory irritation. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement as temperatures cool and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for clearing fields, can cause localized spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. Winters (December-February) are generally the most challenging period, with cold temperatures and frequent fog, which traps pollutants close to the ground. The lack of wind and the prevalence of fog create conditions ripe for the accumulation of emissions from residential heating (often using solid fuels) and limited industrial activity. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, winds strengthen, and rainfall increases, naturally cleansing the atmosphere. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer and winter months, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring local air quality reports. Periods of agricultural burning in autumn require similar precautions.