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Turhal, nestled in the heart of Turkey’s Black Sea region within Tokat Province, occupies a geographically significant position. Located at coordinates 40.3900, 36.0900, the city is situated on the Çekembe Plain, a relatively flat expanse carved by the Kelkit River. This riverine location, while providing a vital water source, also contributes to localized humidity and potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. The surrounding terrain is characterized by the rolling hills and mountains typical of the North Anatolian mountain range, creating a basin-like effect that can limit air circulation. Turhal’s elevation, around 730 meters (2,395 feet), influences atmospheric conditions and pollutant dispersion. Historically an agricultural hub, the surrounding lands are dominated by wheat fields, orchards, and increasingly, modern agricultural practices. While not a major industrial center on a national scale, Turhal hosts localized industrial activity, including food processing and textile manufacturing, contributing to emissions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with agricultural lands immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means agricultural burning, a common practice in the region, can significantly impact local air quality, particularly during harvest seasons. The city’s position within a valley necessitates careful consideration of wind patterns and their effect on pollutant transport.

Turhal experiences a continental climate with distinct seasonal variations that profoundly impact air quality. Winters (December-February) are cold and snowy, often accompanied by temperature inversions. These inversions, caused by cold air becoming trapped beneath warmer air, concentrate pollutants near the ground, leading to poorer air quality. Wood burning for heating becomes prevalent, exacerbating particulate matter (PM) levels. Spring (March-May) brings increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere, generally improving air quality. However, agricultural activities begin to ramp up, with potential for burning of crop residue. Summers (June-August) are warm and dry, with generally good ventilation. However, prolonged heatwaves can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Autumn (September-November) is often characterized by stable atmospheric conditions and the continuation of agricultural burning, leading to a resurgence of particulate matter pollution. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and autumn. Months of July and August generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Fog, common in the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and worsening air quality. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can be transported from surrounding agricultural areas.