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Gökdepe, nestled within the Ahal Province of Turkmenistan, occupies a geographically significant position on the edge of the Mary-Merv plains, a vast expanse of arid and semi-arid terrain. Located at approximately 38.1578° N, 57.9664° E and an elevation of around 480 meters (1,575 feet) above sea level, the city’s landscape is characterized by gently rolling hills and expansive agricultural fields. The surrounding terrain is predominantly desert steppe, transitioning into more rugged terrain further east towards the Kugitang Mountains. This proximity to both agricultural lands and a relatively isolated location contributes to unique air quality challenges. Gökdepe’s urban character is that of a developing town, primarily serving as an administrative and agricultural hub for the region. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city quickly blending into the surrounding agricultural zones, where cotton and wheat cultivation are prevalent. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the nearby Murghab River, though often seasonal, influences local humidity and weather patterns. The absence of large-scale industrial belts within immediate proximity is a mitigating factor, however, agricultural practices, including fertilizer use and seasonal burning of crop residues, can significantly impact local air quality. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast, can transport pollutants from distant sources, while the topography can sometimes trap emissions, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability.

Gökdepe’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its arid climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, this period also coincides with the start of the agricultural season, bringing potential increases in particulate matter from tilling and fertilizer application. Summer (June-August) is generally the most challenging period. High temperatures lead to increased ground-level ozone formation, exacerbated by intense solar radiation. The lack of significant rainfall and persistent calm conditions can trap pollutants, creating stagnant air masses. Autumn (September-November) often presents the worst air quality, due to the widespread burning of crop residues after harvest, releasing substantial amounts of smoke and particulate matter. This practice, while traditional, poses a significant health risk. Winter (December-February) usually offers the best air quality, with cooler temperatures and more frequent wind events that help to disperse pollutants. However, temperature inversions, common during winter nights, can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer and autumn months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. Avoiding strenuous activity and wearing masks during agricultural burning season is advisable.