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Bereket, a small city nestled within Turkmenistan’s Balkan province, occupies a geographically significant position on the edge of the Karakum Desert. Located at approximately 39.24° N, 55.52° E, its coordinates place it in a relatively flat, arid landscape, with an elevation of around 220 meters above sea level. The surrounding terrain is dominated by vast stretches of sand dunes and gravel plains characteristic of the desert environment, gradually transitioning to more fertile agricultural lands towards the west and southwest. This proximity to agricultural zones, particularly cotton fields, introduces a seasonal element to the local air quality, with potential dust and pesticide drift. The city’s location along a major transportation route, connecting Turkmenistan with neighboring countries, contributes to vehicular emissions, a persistent factor in urban air pollution. While Bereket lacks immediate proximity to large bodies of water, the nearby Murghab River, though often seasonal, can influence local humidity and atmospheric stability. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, surrounded by sparsely populated rural areas dedicated to agriculture and livestock grazing. The prevailing winds, typically from the northeast during much of the year, can carry pollutants from industrial activities further east, impacting Bereket’s air quality. The desert climate, with its intense solar radiation and low precipitation, exacerbates dust generation and limits the natural cleansing of the atmosphere, creating conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation.

Bereket’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its desert climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter as desert dust storms become more frequent, coinciding with the start of agricultural activities and associated soil disturbance. Temperatures begin to climb, but inversions are less common than in winter. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat and generally calmer winds, which can trap pollutants close to the ground, particularly in the early morning hours. Agricultural spraying is also prevalent during this period, potentially introducing chemical pollutants. Autumn (September-November) marks a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures cool and wind patterns shift, dispersing pollutants more effectively. However, harvest season can still contribute to dust and smoke. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the surface and creating stagnant air conditions. Fog, common during these months, further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during winter mornings and avoid areas with visible smoke or dust. During the spring and summer, minimizing exposure during peak agricultural spraying times is advisable. Staying informed about local weather patterns and air quality forecasts is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year. Hydration and the use of appropriate respiratory protection during dust events are also recommended.