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Fort Portal, nestled in the Kabarole district of Uganda, occupies a unique geographic position within the foothills of the Rwenzori Mountains, often referred to as the ‘Mountains of the Moon’. Situated at coordinates 0.6544, 30.2744 and an elevation of approximately 1,500 meters, the city benefits from a relatively cool and temperate climate compared to much of equatorial Uganda. The surrounding landscape is dominated by lush, green hills, tea plantations, and fertile agricultural land, primarily focused on food crops and livestock farming. The city itself is a blend of urban development and rural character, with a noticeable urban-rural gradient as one moves away from the central business district. While not directly on a major body of water, Fort Portal is close to several crater lakes formed by ancient volcanic activity, influencing local microclimates. Industrial activity is limited, primarily consisting of tea processing and small-scale manufacturing. However, the increasing use of biomass for cooking and heating, coupled with dust from unpaved roads, contributes to localised air quality concerns. The terrain, characterised by valleys and hills, can trap pollutants, particularly during temperature inversions, impacting air circulation and dispersal. This geographic setting fundamentally shapes Fort Portal’s air quality profile.

Fort Portal experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, defining its ‘seasons’ as wet and dry. The first wet season runs from March to May, and the second from September to November. Air quality generally improves during the wet seasons as rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote mould growth, potentially affecting respiratory health. The driest months, June to August and December to February, typically see the poorest air quality. During these periods, dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities becomes more prevalent, exacerbated by drier conditions and increased wind speeds. Temperature inversions, common in the valleys surrounding Fort Portal, can trap pollutants near ground level, particularly in the mornings. Smoke from biomass burning for cooking and heating peaks during the dry seasons, further degrading air quality. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, especially in the early mornings and evenings, is advisable. The months of April/May and October/November generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities. Monitoring local conditions and limiting exposure during periods of visible haze is crucial for maintaining respiratory health.