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Katosi, a town in Mukono District, Uganda, is strategically positioned approximately 40km east of Kampala, Uganda’s capital. Located at 0.1528°N, 32.8014°E, the town sits within a gently undulating landscape, part of the broader Lake Victoria basin. The terrain is characterised by fertile red soils, typical of the region, supporting a predominantly agricultural economy. Katosi’s elevation, around 1,200 meters above sea level, moderates temperatures but doesn’t eliminate the potential for temperature inversions, a key factor in trapping pollutants. The town’s proximity to Lake Victoria, a vast freshwater body, introduces humidity and influences local wind patterns. While not heavily industrialised itself, Katosi is increasingly affected by the industrial activity emanating from the Kampala-Jinja corridor, a major manufacturing and processing belt to the west. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Katosi retains a largely rural character, but is experiencing growth due to its location along major transport routes. This growth, coupled with increasing reliance on biomass for cooking and charcoal for fuel, contributes to localised air pollution. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural practices also plays a significant role, particularly during the dry seasons. The surrounding landscape is dominated by smallholder farms and woodland, impacting regional air circulation.

Katosi experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, defining its ‘seasons’ as primarily wet and dry. Air quality generally improves during the wetter periods (March-May and September-November) as rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. The first dry season (June-August) sees a noticeable increase in dust and smoke from agricultural burning, as farmers prepare land for the next planting season. This period is often associated with increased respiratory complaints. The short, drier spell in December-February is typically the worst for air quality. Increased use of solid fuels for cooking and heating, combined with stagnant air due to weaker winds and potential temperature inversions, leads to higher concentrations of pollutants. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air below, are more frequent during these months. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during this period. Avoiding peak hours (early morning and evening) is advisable. The wetter seasons offer the best conditions for outdoor activity, but vigilance regarding mould and dampness is still necessary.