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Dnipro, situated in east-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River, occupies a strategic position within the Dnipropetrovska Oblast. The city's geography is defined by its location on both banks of the Dnieper, which creates a natural divide and influences local microclimates. Dnipro lies within the Dnieper Lowland, characterized by relatively flat terrain with gentle hills, averaging about 155 meters above sea level, though some areas rise to 180 meters. This topography, combined with the river valley, can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city is part of Ukraine's industrial heartland, historically known as the 'Dnieper Industrial Region,' with significant manufacturing, metallurgy, and chemical industries concentrated in its eastern districts and surrounding suburbs. Surrounding landscapes transition from urban zones to agricultural areas, particularly to the north and west, where crop farming dominates. The proximity to the Dnieper River provides some natural ventilation, but during calm weather, the urban–rural gradient sees pollutants from industrial emissions and vehicle traffic accumulate in the city center. Dnipro's position away from major mountain ranges means it lacks natural barriers to disperse air pollution, making it susceptible to episodes of poor air quality, especially when combined with local industrial activities and urban density.

In Dnipro, air quality fluctuates seasonally due to a combination of meteorological factors and human activities. During winter, typically from December to February, pollution often peaks due to temperature inversions that trap cold air near the ground, preventing the dispersion of emissions from heating systems, industry, and vehicles. This period can be challenging for sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, who should limit outdoor exertion on calm, cold days. Spring, from March to May, brings improved air quality as increased wind speeds and precipitation help cleanse the atmosphere, though occasional dust from agricultural activities may cause temporary spikes. Summer, from June to August, sees moderate pollution levels; while industrial emissions persist, higher temperatures and convective winds generally aid dispersion, making it a favorable time for outdoor activities. However, on hot, stagnant days, ozone formation can become a concern. Autumn, from September to November, often experiences a gradual decline in air quality as temperatures drop and inversions become more frequent, leading to increased particulate matter. Sensitive individuals should monitor local air quality reports during transitional seasons and avoid outdoor exercise during pollution episodes, opting for indoor alternatives when necessary.