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Ilovaisk, situated in the Donetska Oblast of eastern Ukraine at coordinates 47.9260°N, 38.1940°E, occupies a crucial position within the Donbas region. The city’s landscape is characterised by gently rolling steppes, typical of the East European Plain, with an elevation around 180 meters above sea level. This relatively flat terrain facilitates the dispersal of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, but also allows for stagnation during inversions. Ilovaisk is located approximately 40km north of Donetsk, a major industrial centre, and is interwoven with a network of railway lines – historically vital for coal transport. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, featuring extensive fields of wheat, sunflowers, and other crops, interspersed with remnants of heavy industry. The proximity to these agricultural lands introduces seasonal particulate matter from harvesting and soil disturbance. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the city’s built environment to open farmland. The lack of significant natural barriers, like mountains or large forests, means that air masses can readily transport pollutants both into and out of Ilovaisk, making it susceptible to regional pollution events. The city’s location within a historically industrialised zone significantly impacts its baseline air quality, with legacy pollutants present in the soil and potentially re-suspended by wind.

Ilovaisk experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter from agricultural activities – plowing and sowing – coupled with dust storms common across the steppe. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds aiding dispersion and rainfall scavenging pollutants, though occasional heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. However, wildfires in surrounding agricultural areas can dramatically worsen conditions. Autumn (September-November) is marked by a deterioration in air quality as heating systems are activated, increasing emissions from coal and other fuels. Temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is often the most challenging period for respiratory health. Winter (December-February) consistently presents the poorest air quality. Low temperatures, reduced sunlight, and increased reliance on solid fuel heating contribute to high concentrations of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Fog, a common winter occurrence, further concentrates pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during autumn and winter. Spring and summer offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, but awareness of agricultural burning is crucial.