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Kostiantynivka, situated in the Donetska Oblast of eastern Ukraine at coordinates 48.5333°N, 37.7167°E, occupies a geographically complex position within the Donbas region. The city rests on undulating plains, part of the larger Priazov-Donetska High, with an elevation ranging between 150-200 meters above sea level. This terrain influences local wind patterns, creating pockets of stagnant air. Historically, Kostiantynivka developed as a transport and industrial hub, benefitting from its location along key railway lines connecting Donetsk and other regional centres. The surrounding landscape is characterised by a mix of agricultural land – primarily wheat and sunflower cultivation – and remnants of the region’s heavy industrial past, including coal mines and processing plants. The proximity to these industrial zones, even with reduced activity due to ongoing conflict, contributes significantly to baseline pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly to steppe-like agricultural fields. The Seversky Donets River lies approximately 20km to the north, offering limited influence on local air circulation but impacting regional humidity. The city’s location within a broad, open plain means it’s exposed to prevailing westerly winds, which can transport pollutants from further afield, but also offer some dispersal. The ongoing conflict adds a unique and devastating dimension to the city’s environmental challenges.

Air quality in Kostiantynivka follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and human activity. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in particulate matter as agricultural burning commences and thawing ground releases accumulated dust. Westerly winds become more frequent, potentially carrying pollutants from distant sources. Summer (June-August) typically offers the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and rainfall acting as a natural scrubber. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to localised ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is often marked by a deterioration in air quality due to increased heating demands and the practice of burning agricultural waste. Temperature inversions become more common, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. Low temperatures, minimal wind, and increased reliance on coal and other solid fuels for heating result in high concentrations of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during these months. Fog, common in the colder months, exacerbates pollution by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Months to avoid outdoor activity are November through February, while June and July generally offer the most favourable conditions.