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Krasnohorivka, situated in the Donetska Oblast of eastern Ukraine at coordinates 48.0067°N, 37.5128°E, occupies a strategically, yet challenging, geographical position. The city lies within the Donets Basin (Donbas), a region historically defined by coal mining and heavy industry. The terrain is characterised by rolling steppe lands, gently undulating hills, and numerous ravines – a legacy of past mining activity and erosion. Krasnohorivka’s elevation is approximately 217 meters above sea level. The proximity to the Donetsk Ridge influences local wind patterns. While no major bodies of water directly border the city, the Seversky Donets River flows within a reasonable distance, impacting regional humidity. The urban landscape is heavily influenced by its industrial past, with remnants of mining infrastructure and associated processing plants dominating the surroundings. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly to agricultural lands used for grain and sunflower cultivation. This proximity to both industrial zones and agricultural practices contributes to a complex air quality profile. The ongoing conflict in the region has significantly disrupted environmental monitoring and mitigation efforts, exacerbating existing pollution challenges. The city’s location within a contested zone further complicates long-term urban planning and environmental remediation.

Krasnohorivka experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) often sees increased particulate matter from agricultural burning and dust storms, worsened by thawing ground. Winds, typically from the northwest, can carry pollutants from regional industrial sources. Summer (June-August) generally offers improved air quality due to increased rainfall and wind dispersal, though ozone formation can be a concern during prolonged hot, sunny periods. August, with its drier conditions, can see a slight uptick in dust. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. Temperature inversions become frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly emissions from coal-fired heating systems as temperatures drop. November is typically the worst month for stagnant air. Winter (December-February) brings cold, dry air and increased reliance on coal for heating, leading to high concentrations of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Strong winds from the northeast can occasionally provide temporary relief, but are infrequent. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak heating hours are advisable.