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Yenakiieve, situated in the Donetska Oblast of Ukraine (coordinates 48.2167, 38.2000), occupies a geographically significant position within the Donbas region, a historically industrial heartland. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling plains, part of the larger East European Plain, with elevations generally ranging from 150 to 200 meters above sea level. This relatively flat topography, while facilitating urban development, unfortunately contributes to air quality challenges. Yenakiieve lies within a zone of extensive coalfields, and its historical development is inextricably linked to the coal mining and metallurgical industries, which have profoundly shaped its urban landscape. The surrounding area is a mosaic of industrial zones, agricultural land (primarily grain cultivation and sunflower production), and smaller settlements, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the city benefits from proximity to smaller streams and drainage networks, though these offer limited influence on regional air circulation patterns. The broader regional context includes the Azov Sea to the south, approximately 150 kilometers away, which can occasionally influence coastal breezes, but its impact on Yenakiieve’s immediate air quality is minimal. The city’s location within a broad, relatively enclosed basin, coupled with its industrial heritage, creates conditions prone to pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The legacy of heavy industry has fundamentally altered the local ecosystem, impacting vegetation patterns and contributing to a modified microclimate.

Yenakiieve’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological factors. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures lead to increased residential heating reliant on coal and other solid fuels, directly contributing to particulate matter pollution. Furthermore, frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the problem. Fog, common during these months, further reduces atmospheric mixing and concentrates emissions. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application, can introduce ammonia and other agricultural pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric stability and increased wind speeds. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more challenging conditions as temperatures cool, and industrial activity ramps up in preparation for winter. The combination of cooler temperatures, reduced wind speeds, and increased fuel consumption creates a period of elevated pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and autumn, limiting outdoor exposure and monitoring local air quality reports. During periods of heavy fog or temperature inversions, even healthy individuals should consider reducing strenuous outdoor activity.