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Antonivka, situated in the Khersonska Oblast of southern Ukraine at coordinates 46.6808°N, 32.7358°E, occupies a strategically important, yet vulnerable, position on the left bank of the Dnipro River. The city’s terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the wider Black Sea Lowland, with an elevation generally below 30 meters. This low-lying geography contributes to potential issues with air stagnation. Antonivka’s urban character is defined by its role as a transport hub and agricultural service centre for the surrounding region. The Dnipro River, a major waterway, exerts a significant influence on local climate and potential pollutant dispersion, though its flow can also concentrate pollutants during certain conditions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land – primarily grain and sunflower cultivation – with some areas of steppe vegetation. To the east lies a more arid zone, while to the west, the land gradually transitions towards more forested areas. The proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential for particulate matter from farming activities, including dust during harvest and ammonia from fertilizer use. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a rapid transition from residential areas to open farmland. This location, historically significant, now faces unique air quality challenges due to ongoing conflict and infrastructure damage.

Antonivka’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) sees increasing particulate matter from agricultural preparation – ploughing and sowing – coupled with potential dust storms. Winds from the east can carry pollutants from further afield. Summer (June-August) typically experiences higher temperatures and increased ozone formation, exacerbated by sunlight and stagnant air. The Dnipro River offers some cooling, but temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) is often marked by burning of agricultural residue, leading to significant spikes in particulate matter and smoke. This is a particularly challenging period for respiratory health. Winter (December-February) generally has better dispersion due to stronger winds, but heating with solid fuels – coal and wood – in residential areas contributes to elevated levels of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Fog, common during winter months, can further concentrate pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn burning season and winter heating periods. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; westerly winds generally bring cleaner air.