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Beryslav, situated in the Khersonska Oblast of southern Ukraine, occupies a strategically important position on the right bank of the Kakhovka Reservoir, formed by the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant on the Dnipro River. The city’s coordinates (46.8333, 33.4167) place it within a relatively flat, low-lying landscape characteristic of the Ukrainian Shield’s northern periphery. Elevation is minimal, generally below 30 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. Historically, Beryslav served as a river port and transport hub, influencing its urban development. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, barley, and sunflowers dominating the landscape. This agricultural intensity introduces potential sources of particulate matter from soil erosion, harvesting, and fertilizer application. To the north and east lie larger agricultural zones, while the reservoir itself moderates local temperatures but can also trap pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a concentrated point within a largely rural expanse. The destruction of the Kakhovka Dam in June 2023 has dramatically altered the local environment, creating significant flooding and potentially releasing contaminants into the air and water, exacerbating existing air quality challenges and introducing new ones related to mold and decaying organic matter.

Beryslav’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by agricultural practices and meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to field preparation and burning of agricultural residue, worsened by occasional dust storms. Summer (June-August) typically experiences improved air quality, though the 2023 dam destruction introduced unprecedented challenges with potential waterborne and airborne contaminants. High temperatures can lead to ground-level ozone formation, particularly on calm, sunny days. Autumn (September-November) brings another peak in pollution as harvesting activities intensify and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. These inversions, common in the Dnipro basin, prevent vertical mixing and concentrate emissions. Winter (December-February) generally offers the cleanest air, with reduced agricultural activity and stronger winds aiding dispersion. However, residential heating using coal or wood contributes to localized particulate matter pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during spring and autumn, particularly on still days. Following the dam disaster, monitoring for mold spores and bacterial contaminants is crucial, especially during warmer months. Fog, common in the reservoir area, can exacerbate pollution episodes by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants.