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Dunaivtsi, nestled within the Khmelnytska Oblast of Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position in the Podolian Upland, a region characterized by rolling hills and fertile plains. Located at approximately 48.8894° N, 26.8569° E, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 210 meters (689 feet) above sea level. This moderate elevation contributes to localized temperature inversions, particularly during colder months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and sunflowers dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, especially during harvest seasons when machinery is in heavy use and fertilizer application occurs. To the west, the Southern Bug River flows, providing a natural drainage system and a potential source of humidity, which can influence the dispersion of airborne pollutants. Dunaivtsi’s urban character is that of a relatively small, provincial town, with a mix of residential areas, small-scale industrial facilities (primarily food processing and light manufacturing), and administrative buildings. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land quickly encroaching upon the town’s periphery. The city’s location, while benefiting from fertile land, also means it’s susceptible to agricultural emissions and the potential for stagnant air conditions due to the undulating terrain, impacting local air quality.

Dunaivtsi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) often brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities begin to ramp up, introducing dust and emissions from machinery. Summer (June-August) generally sees the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting good ventilation. Occasional heatwaves can, however, exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) marks a concerning shift. Harvest season intensifies agricultural emissions, while decreasing temperatures and increasingly frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated particulate matter. Fog, common during autumn mornings, further compounds the problem by limiting dispersion. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent temperature inversions, create stagnant atmospheric conditions. Residential heating, often reliant on solid fuels like wood and coal, contributes significantly to particulate pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exposure during these periods, particularly on days with low wind speeds and dense fog. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Spring and autumn require careful monitoring of agricultural activity and potential impacts on air quality, advising residents to avoid prolonged outdoor exertion during peak emission periods.