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Kerch, situated on the eastern tip of the Crimean Peninsula, occupies a strategically vital location on the Kerch Strait, connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The city’s geography is characterised by gently rolling hills and a coastal plain, with an elevation generally below 100 meters. This low-lying terrain, combined with its position within a semi-enclosed marine environment, significantly influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of steppe and coastal vegetation, with agricultural lands to the west and north, primarily focused on grain production. Historically, Kerch has been a significant port and industrial centre, particularly related to shipbuilding and iron ore processing. These industries, concentrated along the coastline, contribute to localised pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the denser city centre to agricultural fields and, further inland, to the Crimean Mountains. The strait itself acts as a partial barrier to air mass movement, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The prevailing winds, however, generally flow from the northwest, carrying pollutants from mainland Ukraine and Russia, impacting Kerch’s air quality alongside local emissions. This confluence of factors makes Kerch’s air quality particularly sensitive to both regional and local influences.

Kerch experiences a temperate continental climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Air quality in Kerch follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, with potential for dust and ammonia emissions from fertilizer application, alongside rising temperatures that promote photochemical smog formation. Summer (June-August) typically presents the best air quality, driven by prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and infrequent rainfall washing the atmosphere. However, intense heat can exacerbate ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) brings a deterioration in air quality as heating systems are activated, increasing particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions from coal and fuel oil combustion. Temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is often the most polluted season, with stagnant air masses, low wind speeds, and increased reliance on heating. Fog, common during winter months, further concentrates pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during autumn and winter. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor activity are November through February. Spring can be variable; monitoring conditions is advised. The Kerch Strait’s limited water circulation can also contribute to pollutant build-up during calm periods.