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Kaharlyk, nestled within the Kyivska Oblast of Ukraine (coordinates 49.8522, 30.8092), occupies a geographically significant position in the central Ukrainian landscape. The town’s setting is characterized by gently rolling plains, typical of the Dnipro Upland, transitioning into the broader Polissian Plain to the north. Its elevation, averaging around 180 meters above sea level, contributes to localized air circulation patterns. Kaharlyk is situated approximately 70 kilometers southeast of Kyiv, Ukraine’s capital, placing it within the sphere of influence of both urban and agricultural activities. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, barley, and sunflowers dominating the horizon – a crucial factor influencing seasonal particulate matter. To the west, the Ros River meanders through the region, offering a slight moderating effect on local temperatures and humidity, though its impact on air quality is limited. The urban–rural gradient around Kaharlyk is relatively gradual; smaller villages and agricultural settlements are interspersed throughout the area, creating a patchwork of land use. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, Kaharlyk’s proximity to Kyiv and other regional industrial centers means it can experience transported pollutants. The terrain’s flatness, while facilitating agriculture, can also exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions, particularly in autumn and winter. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that emissions from surrounding areas can readily impact Kaharlyk’s air quality.

Kaharlyk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and regional activities. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and early field preparation, can introduce ammonia and particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. However, periods of intense heat can lead to ground-level ozone formation, particularly during stagnant air masses. Autumn (September-November) marks a concerning shift. As temperatures cool, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, contributes significantly to particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels during this period. The combination of inversions and agricultural emissions often results in the poorest air quality of the year. Winter (December-February) brings cold temperatures and frequent fog, further exacerbating the problem. Fog traps pollutants, while the lack of wind hinders dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter mornings, especially when fog is present. During the warmer months, limiting strenuous outdoor exercise during peak ozone hours (typically mid-afternoon) is advisable. Maintaining awareness of regional agricultural practices and weather forecasts is crucial for mitigating exposure risks.