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Poltava, situated in the heart of Ukraine's Poltavska Oblast, occupies a strategic position on the rolling plains of the Dnieper Upland, approximately 300 kilometres southeast of Kyiv. The city lies at an elevation of around 150 metres above sea level, characterised by gently undulating terrain that slopes towards the Vorskla River, which flows through the urban core, providing a natural waterway but limited moderating effect on air quality. This regional hub is embedded within Ukraine's fertile agricultural belt, often termed the 'breadbasket of Europe,' where vast expanses of cropland—primarily wheat, sunflowers, and sugar beets—surround the city, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. While Poltava itself lacks heavy industrial complexes, its economy includes light manufacturing, food processing, and transportation sectors, contributing to general urban pollution sources like vehicle emissions and residential heating. The city's location inland, away from major water bodies like the Black Sea, means it experiences continental climatic influences without coastal breezes to disperse pollutants. Surrounding landscapes feature sparse forest patches and open steppe, offering little topographic barrier to wind patterns, which can alternately ventilate or stagnate air depending on seasonal conditions. This geographic setting, combined with its role as a regional administrative and cultural centre, shapes air quality through a mix of local emissions, agricultural activities such as seasonal burning, and atmospheric stability influenced by the flat terrain.

In Poltava, air quality follows a distinct seasonal rhythm shaped by continental climate patterns. Winter, from December to February, often sees the poorest conditions due to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbated by increased emissions from residential heating with coal and wood. Cold, stagnant air and frequent fog episodes can elevate particulate matter levels, making this period less favourable for outdoor activities, especially for sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory issues. Spring, from March to May, brings gradual improvement as rising temperatures and more frequent winds help disperse pollutants, though occasional dust from agricultural preparations may cause short-term spikes. Summer, from June to August, typically offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures, higher atmospheric mixing, and reduced heating needs; however, heatwaves can occasionally lead to ozone formation, and outdoor burning in rural areas might affect nearby urban zones. Autumn, from September to November, sees a decline as cooling temperatures and calmer winds return, with pollution often building up from vehicle traffic and early heating use. Sensitive individuals should monitor local air quality reports, avoid strenuous outdoor exercise during winter inversions, and consider indoor air purifiers during peak months. Overall, summer and late spring are optimal for outdoor pursuits, while winter requires extra caution.