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Sarny, situated in the Rivnenska Oblast of Ukraine at coordinates 51.3372, 26.6058, occupies a relatively flat portion of the Polesian Lowland. This expansive plain, characterized by glacial deposits, contributes to poor natural dispersion of pollutants. The city’s elevation is low, averaging around 185 meters above sea level, further limiting atmospheric mixing. Sarny is intersected by several small rivers and streams, tributaries of the Horyn River, which while providing some hydrological benefit, do not offer significant flushing action for airborne particulates. Historically, the region was heavily forested, but extensive logging and agricultural expansion have altered the landscape. Surrounding Sarny is a predominantly agricultural zone, with significant cultivation of grains and potatoes, contributing to seasonal particulate matter from field preparation and harvesting. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, transitioning quickly to open farmland and scattered settlements. A key factor influencing air quality is Sarny’s position as a railway junction, a historically important node for freight and passenger transport. This generates localised emissions from diesel locomotives and associated yard activity. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can transport pollutants from industrial areas further afield, impacting Sarny’s air quality.

Sarny experiences a temperate continental climate, with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Winter (December-February) often sees the poorest air quality, due to temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, coupled with increased reliance on solid fuel heating for residential purposes. Calm, stable conditions exacerbate this, leading to higher concentrations of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Spring (March-May) brings some improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, but agricultural burning of stubble after the winter thaw can cause temporary spikes in PM2.5 and PM10. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and rainfall acting as a natural scrubber. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as heating demand increases and atmospheric stability returns. October and November are particularly problematic, with damp conditions and fog trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; westerly winds may bring pollutants from regional sources. Avoiding peak hours near the railway junction is also advisable.