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Terebovlya, nestled within Ternopilska Oblast in western Ukraine, occupies a gently undulating landscape characteristic of the Podolian Upland. Situated at coordinates 49.3000, 25.6903, the city benefits from a moderate elevation, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. The terrain is primarily agricultural, with fertile black soil supporting extensive farming, particularly grain and sunflower cultivation. The Strypa River meanders nearby, providing a vital water source but also potentially contributing to localised humidity and fog formation, which can trap pollutants. Terebovlya isn’t located within a major industrial belt; however, smaller-scale agricultural processing and light manufacturing contribute to emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the town’s built environment to surrounding farmland and small forests. This proximity to agricultural land means seasonal burning of crop residue is a significant factor. The city’s position, while not directly on major transport corridors, sees regional road traffic passing through, adding to particulate matter and nitrogen oxide levels. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can carry pollutants from neighbouring regions, impacting local air quality. Understanding this geographical context is crucial for assessing and mitigating pollution sources in Terebovlya.

Terebovlya’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary worsening due to agricultural practices – the burning of stubble after winter harvests releases significant particulate matter. Winds are variable, sometimes failing to adequately disperse these emissions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with higher temperatures promoting better atmospheric mixing and rainfall acting as a natural scrubber. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and localised ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings increased heating demand, leading to higher emissions from domestic wood and coal burning, particularly as temperatures drop. November is often the most polluted month. Winter (December-February) is characterised by consistently cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Snow cover reflects sunlight, exacerbating the inversion effect. Fog is common, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter, especially on calm, cold days. Spring burn-offs also necessitate caution. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak heating hours can help minimise exposure.