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Mohyliv-Podilskyi, nestled within the Vinnytska Oblast of Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position at the confluence of the Southern Bug and Horyn rivers. Its coordinates (48.4500, 27.7833) place it within the Podolian Upland, a region characterized by rolling hills, karst landscapes, and fertile agricultural lands. The city’s terrain is gently undulating, sloping towards the riverbanks, which have historically shaped its urban development and provided crucial transportation routes. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of fields cultivated with grains and sunflowers, interspersed with deciduous forests and occasional limestone outcrops – a typical feature of the Podolian Plateau. This proximity to intensive agricultural zones introduces potential sources of air pollution, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons when fertilizer application and machinery exhaust are prevalent. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Mohyliv-Podilskyi serves as a regional hub, attracting some light industry and processing facilities, contributing to localized emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly into agricultural land. The rivers themselves, while providing scenic beauty and recreational opportunities, can also act as conduits for pollutants if improperly managed upstream. The elevation, averaging around 180 meters above sea level, influences local wind patterns and can contribute to temperature inversions during colder months, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. The city’s location, therefore, presents a complex interplay of natural features and human activities impacting air quality.

Mohyliv-Podilskyi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural activities – the tilling of fields, fertilizer application, and the operation of heavy machinery. Dust storms are also more frequent as the dry soil is disturbed. Summer (June-August) generally offers improved air quality, with warmer temperatures and more frequent rainfall helping to disperse pollutants. However, periods of intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) brings a resurgence of agricultural emissions, compounded by the onset of cooler temperatures and increased fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. The lack of strong winds during this period further contributes to stagnation. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging season. Cold temperatures lead to increased heating demand, often reliant on solid fuels like coal and wood, significantly increasing particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions are common, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants in a layer close to the surface. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during autumn and winter, limiting outdoor activity during periods of fog or stagnant air. Spring requires awareness of agricultural emissions, and summer necessitates monitoring for ozone alerts. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, especially during periods of elevated pollution.