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Kivertsi, nestled within Volynska Oblast in northwestern Ukraine, occupies a relatively flat, low-lying position within the broader East European Plain. Situated at coordinates 50.8331° N, 25.4614° E, the city’s terrain is characterised by gently undulating agricultural land, typical of the Polesian lowlands. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, dominated by farmland and interspersed with small forests, reflecting the region’s strong agricultural heritage. The city is not directly adjacent to any major bodies of water, though several smaller rivers and streams meander through the oblast, influencing local humidity. Kivertsi’s air quality is significantly shaped by its location within this agricultural zone; seasonal agricultural practices, including burning of crop residue, contribute to particulate matter pollution. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of smaller-scale processing facilities related to agriculture and forestry adds to the potential for localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable decrease in population density and built environment as one moves away from the city centre. This proximity to rural areas means that prevailing winds can readily transport pollutants from agricultural sources directly into Kivertsi, impacting air quality, particularly during harvest seasons. The city’s elevation, being relatively low, doesn’t provide significant atmospheric dispersion.

Kivertsi experiences a temperate continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) often sees a deterioration in air quality due to agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for planting, releasing significant particulate matter. Winds are variable, sometimes trapping pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric dispersion and rainfall acting as a natural scrubber. However, periods of calm, hot weather can lead to localised ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings a resurgence of agricultural burning as crops are harvested, again elevating particulate matter levels. Increased use of solid fuels for heating begins towards the end of this period. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging season. Low temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, particularly from residential heating sources – wood and coal are common. Fog is also prevalent, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of agricultural burning (spring and autumn) and winter inversions. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from agricultural areas will likely carry higher pollutant loads. Months to favour for outdoor activity are generally July and August.