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Poole, nestled within the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole conurbation on England’s south coast, occupies a unique geographic position significantly influencing its air quality. The town sits on Poole Harbour, the largest natural harbour in Britain, providing a coastal influence that generally moderates temperatures and introduces sea breezes. This proximity to the sea, however, also creates conditions conducive to coastal fog, particularly during autumn and winter, which can trap pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a blend of urban development and rural fringes. To the north and west, gently rolling hills and agricultural land gradually transition into the New Forest National Park, a significant woodland area that acts as a partial carbon sink, though agricultural practices can contribute to ammonia emissions. Poole’s terrain is relatively flat around the harbour, rising slightly towards the north and west. The urban fabric is a mix of residential areas, commercial districts, and light industrial zones, primarily concentrated around the harbour and main transport corridors. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Poole’s connectivity to the A31 and A35 arterial roads means it experiences traffic-related air pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the impact of agricultural activities and woodland buffering diminishing air quality impacts as one moves further from the town centre. The prevailing southwesterly winds generally disperse pollutants outwards over the English Channel, but local topography and weather patterns can create stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of high pressure.

Poole’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern driven by meteorological factors. Summer months (June-August) typically see the best air quality, thanks to consistent southwesterly breezes that efficiently ventilate the town, dispersing pollutants generated by traffic and local sources. Temperatures are generally warmer, reducing the formation of ground-level ozone, a secondary pollutant. However, periods of prolonged sunshine and high temperatures can still lead to elevated ozone levels, particularly during stagnant air episodes. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. While winds remain generally westerly, the increased frequency of high-pressure systems leads to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially in the harbour area. Coastal fog becomes more prevalent, further exacerbating this issue. Winter (December-February) often brings the poorest air quality, with cold, still conditions and frequent fog episodes. Domestic heating contributes to particulate matter pollution. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, but agricultural activities, such as fertiliser application, can lead to spikes in ammonia levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during autumn and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of fog or stagnant air. During summer, while generally good, monitoring ozone levels is advisable, especially during heatwaves. The New Forest’s influence is most noticeable in spring, when ammonia emissions from agriculture can impact local air quality.