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Biloxi, Mississippi, is a coastal city deeply interwoven with the geography of the Gulf Coast. Situated at 30.4426° N, 88.9514° W, its landscape is characterized by low-lying terrain, barely rising above sea level, and a complex network of barrier islands, bays, and estuaries. The city occupies a narrow strip of land between the Mississippi Sound and the mainland, making it particularly vulnerable to storm surges and saltwater intrusion. Historically, Biloxi’s economy revolved around seafood and shipbuilding, industries that continue to shape its urban character. To the north, the landscape transitions into pine forests and agricultural lands, while to the west and east lie further stretches of coastal marsh and developed areas. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with denser development concentrated along the beachfront and gradually thinning as one moves inland. This coastal location significantly impacts air quality; prevailing winds carry pollutants from both marine sources (salt spray, algal blooms) and inland industrial activity, while limited atmospheric dispersion due to the flat terrain can exacerbate localized pollution events. The proximity to the Mississippi River also introduces potential for long-range transport of pollutants. The city’s vulnerability to hurricanes also means episodic releases of pollutants from damaged infrastructure.

Biloxi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by meteorological conditions and human activity. Summer months (June-August) often see elevated ozone levels due to high temperatures and intense sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions and industrial byproducts. Stagnant air masses and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the surface, worsening conditions. Humidity also contributes to the formation of secondary pollutants. Autumn (September-November) brings relief as temperatures cool and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, hurricane season peaks during this time, potentially releasing significant amounts of debris and pollutants from damaged structures. Winter (December-February) generally experiences the cleanest air, with cooler temperatures reducing ozone formation and stronger northerly winds flushing out pollutants. However, wood burning for heating can contribute to particulate matter. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in pollution as temperatures rise and vegetation begins to release biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Sensitive individuals, such as those with asthma or heart conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer and periods following severe weather events. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity on hot, sunny days is advisable.