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Goldsboro, North Carolina, occupies a strategic position within the Coastal Plain region of the state, approximately 60 miles southeast of Raleigh. Its coordinates (35.3778, -77.9717) place it on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the broader plain, with an average elevation of around 220 feet above sea level. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a defining feature of Wayne County, where Goldsboro is located. Extensive fields of tobacco, cotton, soybeans, and corn dominate the visual horizon, contributing to seasonal agricultural activities that can influence local air quality. To the east, the Neuse River provides a moderate buffer, though its impact on air circulation is limited by the relatively flat topography. Goldsboro’s urban footprint is compact, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards from the city center. The city’s location within the Piedmont-Coastal Plain transition zone means it experiences influences from both regions. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Goldsboro serves as a regional service center for the agricultural communities, with associated transportation and processing facilities. The lack of significant topographic barriers, combined with the prevalence of agriculture, creates a setting where pollutants can accumulate, particularly under stable atmospheric conditions. The relatively low elevation and flat terrain can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The surrounding farmland, while vital to the regional economy, also contributes to particulate matter emissions during planting and harvesting seasons.

Goldsboro’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and surrounding land use. Spring (March-May) often sees elevated particulate matter levels due to agricultural activities like tilling and planting, releasing dust and soil into the atmosphere. Wind patterns during this period can be variable, sometimes leading to localized concentrations. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by higher temperatures and humidity, which can trap pollutants, though afternoon thunderstorms often provide a cleansing effect. The prevalence of stagnant air during heatwaves can lead to ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Fall (September-November) brings a noticeable shift as harvest season intensifies, again contributing to particulate matter. Cooler temperatures and calmer winds can lead to inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging period. Cold, clear nights frequently result in temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the surface, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the issue by reducing visibility and holding pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion during winter mornings and on days with stagnant air. Spring and fall require similar caution during peak agricultural activity. Staying informed about local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year.