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Chesapeake, Virginia occupies a distinctive position within the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, characterized by its sprawling, low-lying terrain that blends urban development with extensive wetlands, forests, and agricultural land. Situated at the confluence of the Elizabeth River and the Intracoastal Waterway, the city's geography is predominantly flat, with elevations rarely exceeding 20 feet above sea level, which significantly influences its air quality dynamics. This coastal plain setting, part of the Tidewater region, places Chesapeake within a humid subtropical climate zone, though not explicitly noted, where proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay moderates temperatures but also contributes to humidity and occasional marine-influenced air stagnation. The city's layout reflects a pronounced urban–rural gradient, with dense suburban neighborhoods in the north near Norfolk giving way to vast tracts of farmland, forested areas, and the Great Dismal Swamp to the south and west. This mosaic creates a complex airshed where pollution from general urban sources—vehicle emissions, residential heating, and commercial activities—interacts with natural biogenic emissions from wetlands and agriculture, while industrial influences are relatively muted compared to neighboring port cities. The flat terrain and low elevation inhibit natural ventilation, allowing pollutants to accumulate under certain meteorological conditions, particularly when winds are light. Moreover, Chesapeake's position within the broader industrial and transportation corridor of southeastern Virginia means it occasionally receives transported pollution from nearby urban centers and port operations, though its own sources remain diffuse and community-scale.

In Chesapeake, Virginia, air quality follows a seasonal rhythm shaped by the humid subtropical climate, with pollution levels fluctuating due to meteorological factors and human activity patterns. During winter, from December to February, cooler temperatures and increased use of residential heating, often from natural gas or wood, can elevate particulate matter levels, especially on calm, cold days when temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. This season also sees occasional fog, which can combine with emissions to form haze, posing risks for sensitive groups like those with respiratory conditions. Spring, from March to May, typically brings improved air quality as rising temperatures and more frequent rainfall help disperse pollutants, though pollen from the region's abundant vegetation can aggravate allergies. Summer, from June to August, is characterized by high humidity and heat, which can lead to the formation of ground-level ozone on sunny, stagnant days, particularly in urbanized areas; this makes late afternoons less ideal for strenuous outdoor activities, especially for children and the elderly. Autumn, from September to November, often offers the best air quality, with cooler, breezier conditions and reduced agricultural burning in surrounding rural zones, making it a favorable time for outdoor pursuits. Throughout the year, wind patterns from the Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay generally aid in ventilation, but during periods of high pressure and light winds, pollution can accumulate, advising residents to monitor local air quality forecasts and limit exposure on such days.