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Sharg‘un, nestled within the Surxondaryo Region of Uzbekistan, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 38.46° N, 67.96° E. The city’s location, at an elevation of roughly 580 meters (1903 feet) above sea level, places it within a gently sloping valley carved by tributaries of the Surxondarya River, a vital water source for the region. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a transition zone between the Kyzylkum Desert to the north and the more fertile foothills of the Pamir-Alay mountain range to the south and east. This creates a complex interplay of arid and semi-arid conditions. Sharg‘un’s urban character is that of a small, primarily residential settlement, largely serving as a service hub for the surrounding agricultural areas. The dominant land use is residential, with limited industrial activity concentrated in smaller workshops and processing facilities related to agriculture. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city quickly blends into the agricultural fields and orchards that define the region. The proximity to the Surxondarya River, while providing a water resource, can also contribute to localized humidity and fog formation, impacting air quality under certain meteorological conditions. The valley setting, while offering some protection from harsh winds, can also trap pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Agricultural practices, including fertilizer use and seasonal burning of crop residues, represent a significant potential source of air pollution, impacting the city’s air quality alongside any localized industrial emissions.

Sharg‘un’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and surrounding environment. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, this period often coincides with agricultural activities, including the application of fertilizers and, occasionally, the burning of crop residues, which can lead to localized spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is generally the cleanest period, with high temperatures and frequent convective mixing promoting good ventilation. However, prolonged periods of intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) marks a concerning shift. As temperatures cool and atmospheric stability increases, temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning is also prevalent during this time, significantly degrading air quality. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging season. Cold temperatures, frequent fog, and persistent temperature inversions create stagnant atmospheric conditions, leading to a build-up of pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, particularly on days with dense fog or calm winds. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. The interplay of these seasonal factors dictates the overall air quality profile of Sharg‘un, demanding careful monitoring and mitigation strategies.