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Calabozo, nestled in the Venezuelan state of Guárico, occupies a significant position within the country’s central plains (Llanos). Located at coordinates 8.9333° N, -67.4333° W, the city sits at a relatively low elevation, approximately 160 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Llanos region, with gentle slopes towards the surrounding rivers. Calabozo is bisected by the Río Cababozo, a tributary of the larger Río Guárico, which influences local humidity and can contribute to stagnant air conditions during periods of low flow. The surrounding landscape is a mix of cattle ranches and agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to sugarcane and maize cultivation. While not a heavily industrialized zone, agricultural practices, including the burning of crop residue, represent a key source of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to open pastureland. This proximity to agricultural activity, combined with the flat topography and limited wind corridors, creates conditions conducive to localized air pollution build-up. The city’s position within a broad valley further restricts air circulation, exacerbating pollution events. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Calabozo.

Calabozo experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally deteriorates during the dry season (roughly December to April). Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, allowing pollutants from agricultural burning and vehicle emissions to accumulate. The dry air also facilitates the suspension of dust and particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. February and March are typically the months with the poorest air quality. The wet season (May to November) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing pollutants from the atmosphere. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution can occur due to agricultural activities and the city’s limited air circulation. Increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. November often sees a transitional period with fluctuating air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during the dry season, particularly in February and March. Staying indoors during peak pollution hours and using air purifiers are recommended. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is vital throughout the year.