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Quíbor, nestled within the Lara state of Venezuela at coordinates 9.9311° N, 69.6247° W, occupies a geographically significant position within the pre-Andean region. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills and valleys, a consequence of its proximity to the foothills of the Venezuelan Andes. Elevation ranges from approximately 350 to 550 meters above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. Quíbor is situated near the Turbio River, providing a crucial water source and contributing to localized humidity. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily sugarcane and maize cultivation – interspersed with patches of dry tropical forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively smoothly, with smaller agricultural communities dotting the periphery of Quíbor. Further afield, the industrial belt of Barquisimeto, a major urban center, exerts an indirect influence, occasionally impacting air quality through transported pollutants. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northwest, carrying air masses from the Andes, which can sometimes trap pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. The city’s location within a relatively enclosed valley further exacerbates this potential for air stagnation, particularly during periods of reduced wind speed. The climate is tropical savanna, with distinct wet and dry seasons, each impacting the dispersion of pollutants in unique ways.

Quíbor’s air quality experiences a pronounced seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, typically spanning from December to April, often presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of particulate matter, stemming from agricultural burning practices used for land clearing and crop residue management. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their concentration. The months of January and February are generally periods to exercise caution, particularly for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. The wet season, from May to November, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall events can also lead to increased levels of mold and fungal spores, impacting indoor air quality. During the transition months (April and November), wind patterns are often variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. The intensity of the afternoon sun during the dry season can also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, a respiratory irritant. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during the dry season, especially during midday hours. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also recommended throughout the year, but particularly during periods of elevated particulate matter.