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Araure, nestled in the Portuguesa state of Venezuela, occupies a geographically significant position within the Llanos plains. Located at approximately 9.5667° N, 69.2167° W, the city sits at a relatively low elevation, averaging around 250 meters above sea level. This low-lying terrain, characteristic of the Llanos, contributes to a generally flat landscape punctuated by gently rolling hills. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, a defining feature of the region, with extensive fields dedicated to sugarcane, maize, and beans. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of air pollution, particularly from fertilizer application and the burning of agricultural residues, though the scale is currently limited by Araure’s small population. The city’s proximity to the Turini River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Araure’s urban footprint is relatively compact, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Araure; however, larger industrial centers are located further afield, impacting regional air quality patterns. The climate is tropical savanna, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, which significantly influence local weather patterns and, consequently, the behaviour of airborne pollutants. The flat topography and limited natural barriers mean that pollutants can spread relatively easily, making the city susceptible to regional air quality events.

Araure’s air quality experiences a pronounced seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The wet season, typically spanning from April to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity. While the rain itself can help cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can trap pollutants closer to the ground, especially during periods of calm winds. The dry season, from November to March, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. This often leads to a build-up of pollutants, particularly during the hottest months (February and March), as thermal inversions become more frequent. A thermal inversion occurs when a layer of warm air sits above a layer of cooler air, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants near the surface. Fog, common during the cooler mornings of the dry season, further exacerbates this issue by reducing visibility and concentrating pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding Llanos, is most prevalent during the dry season as farmers prepare fields for planting, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air or visible haze. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance is still advised due to potential humidity-related issues. The transition months (March/April and October/November) often present a mixed picture, with fluctuating conditions and unpredictable air quality.