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Long Xuyên, the capital of An Giang Province in Vietnam's Mekong Delta, occupies a strategic position along the Hậu River, one of the two main distributaries of the Mekong River. Situated approximately 190 kilometers southwest of Ho Chi Minh City, this urban center lies within the vast, flat alluvial plain of the delta, with an elevation averaging just 1-2 meters above sea level, making it highly susceptible to seasonal flooding. The city's geography is defined by an intricate network of rivers, canals, and rice paddies, creating a humid, low-lying environment where air pollutants can become trapped due to limited atmospheric dispersion. Long Xuyên serves as a regional hub for commerce, education, and administration, blending urban development with surrounding agricultural zones that dominate the landscape. Proximity to the Hậu River provides some natural ventilation, but the dense urban core—characterized by increasing motorcycle traffic, small-scale industries, and construction—generates localized emissions. The surrounding rural areas contribute biomass burning from rice straw and agricultural residues, particularly post-harvest. This urban–rural gradient means air quality fluctuates with agricultural cycles and urban activity, while the flat terrain inhibits pollutant dispersal, especially during calm weather conditions common in the delta.

In Long Xuyên, air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns shaped by the tropical monsoon climate. During the dry season from December to April, pollution typically peaks due to stagnant atmospheric conditions, with January to March being the most critical months. Low wind speeds, frequent temperature inversions, and reduced rainfall allow particulate matter from urban traffic, construction dust, and agricultural burning to accumulate near the surface. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activities during this period, especially in the early mornings when inversions are strongest. The wet season from May to November brings relief, with the southwest monsoon from May to October enhancing dispersion through increased winds and heavy rainfall that washes pollutants from the air. June to August offers the best air quality for outdoor pursuits, though high humidity can exacerbate discomfort. From November, the transition to the dry season sees a gradual buildup of pollutants, with haze occasionally worsening due to regional biomass burning. Year-round, residents should monitor local air quality reports and use masks during peak pollution episodes, as the city's low elevation and humidity can intensify health impacts from airborne particles.