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Tân Vạn, nestled within Binh Duong province, Vietnam, occupies a geographically strategic position in the southern economic hub of the country. Located at approximately 10.9119°N latitude and 106.8261°E longitude, the city benefits from relatively flat terrain characteristic of the Mekong Delta region, though slightly elevated compared to immediate surrounding areas. This gentle topography facilitates urban sprawl and industrial development, but also impacts air circulation. Tân Vạn is situated approximately 20km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City, placing it within the extended metropolitan area and subject to regional pollution influences. The city’s proximity to the Dong Nai River provides a crucial water source but also contributes to humidity, influencing pollutant dispersion. Binh Duong province is a significant industrial centre, with numerous manufacturing zones surrounding Tân Vạn, including those focused on textiles, footwear, and ceramics. These industries are a primary source of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is rapidly diminishing as agricultural land is converted to industrial and residential use. This land-use change reduces natural air filtration capacity and increases localized heat island effects, exacerbating air quality challenges. The prevailing winds, influenced by the monsoon seasons, play a critical role in pollutant transport and dispersion, often carrying emissions from surrounding areas into Tân Vạn.

Tân Vạn experiences a tropical monsoon climate, dictating a distinct wet and dry season pattern that profoundly impacts air quality. The dry season, typically from November to April, sees consistently higher pollution levels. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, allowing pollutants from industrial activity and vehicle emissions to accumulate. January and February are often the worst months, with stable atmospheric conditions and potential temperature inversions trapping pollutants near ground level. The wet season, from May to October, brings significant improvements in air quality due to frequent rainfall washing away particulate matter. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution hotspots can persist near industrial areas. The southwest monsoon, bringing heavy rainfall, generally provides the most substantial relief. August and September, while wet, can experience periods of stagnant air, leading to temporary increases in humidity and pollutant concentration. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the early mornings and evenings when pollution is often highest. During the wet season, while generally better, monitoring localized conditions remains important, especially near industrial zones. Fog can also occur during the transition periods, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility.