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A̧ Z̧āhirīyah, nestled within the West Bank, occupies a geographically complex position in the Hebron Governorate. Situated at coordinates 31.4097, 34.9733, the city is characterized by a hilly terrain typical of the Judean Mountains, with an elevation contributing to localized weather patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily olive groves and terraced farming – interspersed with areas of natural vegetation. Unlike coastal cities, A̧ Z̧āhirīyah lacks direct access to large bodies of water, relying on groundwater resources. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is a concentrated settlement, quickly transitioning to rural agricultural areas. This proximity to farming introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and agricultural practices, while the hilly terrain can trap pollutants, hindering dispersion. The West Bank’s political context and limited industrial development mean that major industrial pollution sources are less prevalent than in other urban centres, but reliance on older vehicle fleets and domestic fuel burning for heating and cooking contribute to localised air quality concerns. The city’s position within a region experiencing ongoing geopolitical instability also impacts long-term environmental management and infrastructure development, indirectly affecting air quality.

Air quality in A̧ Z̧āhirīyah experiences distinct seasonal variations. The winter months (December-February) often see poorer air quality due to temperature inversions trapping pollutants from domestic heating – wood and fuel oil are common. Calm winds exacerbate this, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. Spring (March-May) brings some improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning of crop residue can temporarily degrade air quality during this period. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with high temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and reduced reliance on heating. However, prolonged drought conditions can lead to increased dust levels. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration as temperatures fall and heating demand increases. October and November are particularly vulnerable to stagnant air masses. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial. Periods of rainfall offer temporary relief, washing pollutants from the atmosphere.