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Bayt Sāḩūr, nestled in the West Bank, occupies a geographically significant position within the Judean lowlands, approximately 17 kilometers northwest of Bethlehem. Its coordinates (31.7009, 35.2263) place it within a region characterized by undulating terrain, transitioning from the steeper slopes of the surrounding hills to a relatively flat plain. The elevation averages around 550 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of olive groves, vineyards, and agricultural fields, a vital component of the local economy. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, and from the use of fertilizers and pesticides. While Bayt Sāḩūr lacks direct access to major bodies of water, it benefits from the regional aquifer system, influencing local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; the town itself exhibits a traditional Palestinian character with stone buildings and narrow streets, gradually blending into the agricultural landscape. Larger industrial zones are distant, located primarily in the Bethlehem area, minimizing direct industrial pollution impact. However, regional transportation corridors, carrying traffic to and from major urban centers, can contribute to localized air pollution, particularly along roadways. The prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying potential pollutants from surrounding areas, and the topography can trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather.

Bayt Sāḩūr experiences a Mediterranean climate, characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters, significantly influencing its air quality profile. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in temperatures and a rise in agricultural activity, leading to elevated levels of dust and pollen, impacting respiratory health. The dry winds common during this period can exacerbate these issues. Summer (June-August) is typically the driest season, with high temperatures and minimal rainfall. While reduced agricultural activity might suggest improved air quality, the intense heat can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly in the evenings, increasing the concentration of pollutants trapped near the ground. Temperature inversions are more frequent during this period, further hindering dispersion. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere, reducing particulate matter. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing, can significantly degrade air quality during this time. Winter (December-February) is the wettest season, with frequent rainfall effectively washing pollutants from the air. However, cold temperatures and fog can create conditions for localized pollution buildup, especially near residential areas using solid fuels for heating. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during spring and summer evenings, and be mindful of agricultural burning in autumn. The increased humidity in winter can also trigger respiratory issues for some. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the wetter months, avoiding peak agricultural periods and evenings during the hotter seasons.