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Jericho, nestled in the West Bank, occupies a remarkably unique geographic position within the Jordan Valley. Situated approximately 10 kilometers west of the Jordan River and 20 kilometers north of the Dead Sea, it holds the distinction of being one of the lowest cities on Earth, with an elevation of roughly 280 meters below sea level. This low-lying location, cradled by the Judean and Palestinian Hills, significantly influences its microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid and semi-arid conditions, characterized by rocky terrain, sparse vegetation, and extensive agricultural land. The Jordan Valley itself acts as a natural funnel, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While Jericho isn't directly adjacent to major industrial belts, agricultural practices, particularly the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the surrounding fields, contribute to localized air pollution. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the densely populated core of Jericho to the agricultural plains and then to the more rugged hills. The proximity to the Dead Sea, while offering a unique environmental feature, can also contribute to mineral dust events, impacting air quality. The valley's topography, combined with the arid climate, often leads to temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler months, which can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants near the ground. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles, a factor heavily influenced by the valley's orientation.

Jericho’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate, characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wetter winters. During the summer months (June-August), high temperatures and reduced rainfall contribute to increased dust levels, often originating from the surrounding arid landscapes and the nearby Dead Sea. The intense solar radiation promotes photochemical reactions, potentially increasing ozone concentrations. Wind patterns during this period are often light and variable, which can lead to stagnant air conditions and pollutant accumulation. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement in air quality as temperatures cool and winds become more frequent, aiding in pollutant dispersal. Winter (December-February) typically sees the highest levels of humidity and occasional rainfall, which can help to cleanse the air. However, temperature inversions are more common during these months, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially in the mornings. Spring (March-May) offers the most favorable conditions, with moderate temperatures, increased wind speeds, and occasional rainfall, leading to generally cleaner air. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months and early mornings in winter, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure. Agricultural burning, a practice sometimes employed in the surrounding areas, can also significantly impact air quality during the transition seasons, creating localized spikes in particulate matter. Maintaining awareness of regional weather patterns and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during periods of high dust or stagnant air is advisable.