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Al Manşūrah, situated in the ‘Adan Governorate of Yemen, occupies a challenging geographical position. Located at coordinates 12.8531, 44.9722, the city is part of the coastal plain bordering the Gulf of Aden, a crucial maritime route. The terrain is predominantly flat, transitioning to foothills as one moves inland towards the Yemeni Highlands. This proximity to the sea introduces complex meteorological patterns influencing air quality. The city’s elevation is low, increasing susceptibility to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level. Surrounding Al Manşūrah are areas of sparse vegetation and semi-arid landscape, with limited natural air filtration. ‘Adan Governorate, and Al Manşūrah specifically, experiences significant dust and sandstorms originating from the Arabian Peninsula’s interior deserts. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with limited green spaces within the city itself. While not a major industrial hub compared to Aden city, local workshops, vehicle emissions, and the port activity contribute to localised pollution sources. Agricultural zones are present in the surrounding areas, potentially introducing pesticide drift and seasonal burning emissions. The city’s location within a rain shadow further exacerbates dust accumulation and limits natural cleansing through precipitation.

Al Manşūrah’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Yemen’s monsoon and prevailing winds. The summer months (June-August) bring the khareef, the southwest monsoon, offering temporary relief from dust but increasing humidity and potentially trapping pollutants due to stable atmospheric conditions. While rainfall can wash away some particulate matter, the increased moisture can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. The period from September to November sees a transition, with decreasing monsoon influence and a rise in dust storms originating from the interior. This is often the worst period for air quality, particularly with the change in wind direction. December to February are generally the clearest months, with cooler temperatures and reduced dust activity, making it the most favourable time for outdoor activities. However, temperature inversions can still occur, trapping pollutants. March to May witness increasing temperatures and the return of dust-laden winds from the desert, gradually worsening air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during peak dust periods (September-November) and monitor conditions closely. Avoiding strenuous activity during these times is advisable.