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Raydah, nestled in the rugged highlands of ‘Amrān Governorate, Yemen, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s central plateau. Located at approximately 15.8233° latitude and 44.0386° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of around 2,200 meters (7,218 feet) above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate compared to Yemen’s coastal regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by steep, terraced hillsides, a testament to centuries of agricultural adaptation. These terraces, primarily used for cultivating grains and qat, define the urban–rural gradient, with agricultural zones gradually transitioning into the built environment of Raydah. The city’s terrain significantly influences air circulation; the valley setting can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. While Raydah lacks direct proximity to major bodies of water, seasonal rainfall contributes to localized humidity. The region’s economy is largely agrarian, with limited industrial activity, though small-scale workshops and processing facilities exist within and around the city. These activities, alongside vehicle emissions from the limited transportation network, contribute to the local air quality profile. The city’s location within a relatively isolated highland area means that pollutants are not easily dispersed by prevailing winds, potentially leading to localized air quality challenges. The surrounding mountainous terrain acts as a barrier, influencing weather patterns and impacting the city's microclimate, further affecting air quality dynamics.

Raydah’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its highland climate and prevailing weather systems. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and increased dust resuspension from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. The relatively calm winds during this period further impede dispersion. Conversely, the wet season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants and increases humidity, which can help to settle dust. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to soil erosion and increased sediment in the air. Fog, particularly prevalent during the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. During the transitional months of spring and autumn, wind patterns are more variable, leading to fluctuations in air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of temperature inversions and fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential soil erosion and sediment is advised. The agricultural cycle, with its associated burning practices, also influences air quality, with peak emissions often coinciding with harvest times.