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Mansa, the provincial capital of Luapula Province in Zambia, occupies a unique geographical position within the country. Situated at approximately -11.2000 latitude and 28.8833 longitude, the city lies on a relatively flat plateau, part of the broader Zambian plateau, at an elevation of around 1,100 meters above sea level. This plateau setting contributes to stable atmospheric conditions, potentially trapping pollutants. Mansa is intimately linked to the Luapula River and Lake Chipewa (also known as Lake Mweru), which exert a significant influence on local humidity and temperature. The surrounding landscape is predominantly miombo woodland, interspersed with agricultural areas, particularly focusing on cassava, maize, and fishing activities along the river and lake. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable transition from denser settlement in the city centre to more dispersed rural communities. While Mansa isn’t characterised by heavy industry, small-scale processing of agricultural products and the increasing use of diesel generators contribute to localised emissions. Dust from unpaved roads, particularly during the dry season, is a significant factor affecting air quality. The city’s location within a basin-like formation can exacerbate pollution build-up, especially during periods of calm weather. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Mansa.

Mansa experiences a distinct tropical wet and dry climate, profoundly impacting its air quality. The wet season, typically from November to April, brings relief from dust and reduces particulate matter concentrations due to rainfall scavenging. However, increased humidity can foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. The dry season, spanning May to October, witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. Reduced rainfall means dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities remains suspended for longer periods. Cooler temperatures during the dry season can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level. August and September are often the months with the poorest air quality due to peak dust levels and stable atmospheric conditions. Smoke from agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation, further exacerbates pollution during these months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the late afternoon when pollution tends to be highest. The transition periods – November and April – can be unpredictable, with fluctuating air quality. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as winds from agricultural areas can transport smoke and dust into the city.