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Sesheke, nestled in Zambia’s Western Province, occupies a geographically significant position along the Zambezi River, bordering Namibia. Located at approximately -17.4667° latitude and 24.3000° longitude, the town sits at an elevation of around 915 meters (3,002 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mix of floodplains, miombo woodlands, and savanna grasslands, typical of the Zambezi Basin. This proximity to the Zambezi River, while providing a vital water source, can also influence local air quality through humidity and potential for riverine fog, particularly during the wet season. Sesheke’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, primarily serving as a trading hub for the surrounding agricultural region. The dominant land use is a gradual transition from rural agricultural practices – maize farming and livestock rearing being prevalent – to a concentrated urban core. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Sesheke; however, the town’s role in facilitating the transport of agricultural goods means that vehicle emissions contribute to local air pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town’s air quality generally being poorer than that of the surrounding rural areas, although agricultural burning practices in the dry season can impact air quality across a wider region. The terrain is gently undulating, which can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed. The town’s location within a relatively sparsely populated region means that large-scale industrial pollution is less of a concern than in more densely urbanized areas.

Sesheke experiences a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by lower humidity and increased sunshine hours. However, this period often sees a rise in air pollution due to agricultural burning practices. Farmers clearing land for planting maize frequently employ controlled burns, releasing particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere. The relatively stable atmospheric conditions during this time, with occasional temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, exacerbate the issue. The wet season, from November to April, brings higher rainfall and increased humidity, which generally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can be followed by dense fog, particularly along the Zambezi River, which can reduce visibility and trap pollutants close to the ground. Wind patterns are generally variable, but during the dry season, periods of calm can lead to pollutant accumulation. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly when agricultural burning is prevalent. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although fog can still pose a visibility hazard. The combination of agricultural practices and meteorological conditions creates a dynamic air quality environment in Sesheke, requiring ongoing monitoring and mitigation strategies.