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Sidi Ben Adda, nestled within the Aïn Temouchent province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean coast, approximately 40 kilometers east of Oran. Its coordinates (35.3000, -1.1833) place it within a gently undulating terrain, characterized by a mix of coastal plains and foothills rising towards the Tell Atlas mountains. The city’s elevation averages around 20 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate influenced by the proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land – primarily olive groves and cereal crops – and scrubland, typical of the Tell region. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvest periods. To the west, the urban sprawl of Oran exerts a subtle influence, though Sidi Ben Adda retains a distinct, smaller-town character. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly into agricultural and natural landscapes. The coastal location means that sea breezes play a crucial role in air circulation, often dispersing pollutants, but also occasionally trapping them under specific meteorological conditions. The absence of major heavy industries within Sidi Ben Adda itself mitigates some pollution risks, however, transport emissions from connecting roads and occasional agricultural burning remain factors impacting local air quality. The Tell Atlas mountains to the south can also influence air flow patterns, sometimes creating localized inversions that trap pollutants.

Sidi Ben Adda experiences a Mediterranean climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. The dry summer months (June-August) are typically characterized by high temperatures and reduced precipitation. This leads to increased photochemical smog formation, as sunlight drives reactions between pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Calm wind conditions during these months can exacerbate the problem, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Conversely, the wetter months (October-March) bring cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away particulate matter. However, periods of prolonged fog, common during the winter, can also trap pollutants, leading to localized episodes of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of certain pollutants. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September) generally offer the most favourable conditions for air quality, with moderate temperatures and more frequent wind patterns that promote dispersion. Agricultural practices, such as controlled burning of crop residues, are more prevalent in the late summer and early autumn, contributing to short-term spikes in particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the hot, dry summer months and periods of dense fog. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the spring and autumn, when the air is typically cleaner and temperatures are more moderate. The impact of dust storms originating from the Sahara, while less frequent than in more southerly regions, can occasionally affect air quality, particularly during the spring transition.