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Harchoune, nestled within the Chlef province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the Mitidja plain, a fertile coastal region approximately 150 kilometers west of Algiers. Its coordinates (36.1139, 1.5056) place it at an elevation of roughly 25 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally flat terrain characteristic of the plain. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily wheat, barley, and citrus groves – interspersed with small villages and scattered olive trees, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. The Mitidja plain itself is bounded to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, providing a moderating influence on the local climate, though coastal breezes can also carry pollutants inland. To the south, the terrain gradually rises towards the Tell Atlas Mountains, a range that can influence regional weather patterns and, occasionally, trap pollutants. Harchoune’s proximity to agricultural zones means that seasonal agricultural practices, such as burning crop residue, can contribute to localized air pollution events. While not directly adjacent to major industrial centers, the region experiences indirect impacts from industrial activity concentrated further east towards Algiers and west towards Oran. The relatively small population of 14,869 suggests a primarily rural character, though increasing urbanization and vehicular traffic are likely impacting local air quality. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns can lead to pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of low wind speed and stable atmospheric conditions. The coastal location also makes the city susceptible to salt spray and associated particulate matter.

Harchoune’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing accumulated pollutants from winter. However, this period can also coincide with increased agricultural activity, potentially leading to localized spikes in particulate matter from burning practices. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by hot, dry conditions and relatively stable atmospheric layers, which can trap pollutants near the ground. While coastal breezes offer some relief, prolonged periods of calm air are common, potentially leading to elevated levels of certain pollutants. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period, with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, the period immediately following harvest can see a resurgence of particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season for air quality in Harchoune. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Fog, common during this time, further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during prolonged periods of fog or temperature inversions, particularly in the mornings. Increased vigilance regarding indoor air quality, through proper ventilation and air purification, is also recommended during these periods. The interplay of these meteorological factors creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year, requiring adaptive strategies for public health protection.