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Medrissa, nestled within the Tiaret Province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the northwestern foothills of the Tell Atlas Mountains. Located at approximately 34.9000° N, 1.2333° E, the city’s elevation, around 850 meters above sea level, contributes to a unique microclimate and influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of semi-arid plains and rugged, terraced hillsides, typical of the Tell Atlas region. This terrain creates localized valleys and ridges that can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. Medrissa’s proximity to the High Plateau, a region known for its agricultural activity, means that dust from cultivated fields and occasional agricultural burning can impact air quality, especially during planting and harvesting seasons. The urban–rural gradient around Medrissa is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural land and then into the mountainous terrain. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region receives occasional rainfall, which can temporarily cleanse the air but also contribute to humidity and fog formation under certain conditions. There are no major industrial belts immediately bordering Medrissa, but the broader Tiaret province has some light industrial activity, and transport corridors connecting it to larger Algerian cities can introduce pollutants. The city’s relatively small population (15,293) suggests a primarily rural or small-town character, which generally implies lower industrial emissions compared to larger urban centers, though localized sources like residential heating and vehicle traffic remain relevant.

Medrissa’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate and the surrounding topography. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable improvement in air quality as rainfall increases, washing away accumulated dust and pollutants. However, this period can also see increased agricultural activity, leading to temporary spikes in particulate matter from field preparation and fertilizer application. Summers (June-August) are typically characterized by hot, dry conditions and relatively stable atmospheric layers. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are common, leading to pollutant accumulation, particularly in the valleys surrounding the city. Dust storms originating from the Sahara can also impact air quality during this season. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual shift towards cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, generally improving air quality. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can contribute to elevated levels of smoke and particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period for air quality. Cold, calm conditions frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in the mornings. During the warmer months, staying hydrated and avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat can also mitigate the effects of air pollution.