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Aïn Youcef, nestled within the Tlemcen Province of northwestern Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the foothills of the Tell Atlas mountains. Located at coordinates 35.0500°N, -1.3667°W, the city’s terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. With a population of approximately 13,234, Aïn Youcef exhibits a typical rural-urban gradient, transitioning from agricultural lands surrounding the city to more concentrated residential and commercial areas. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, roughly 50km north, introduces maritime influences, moderating temperatures but also potentially contributing to humidity and fog formation, which can trap pollutants. Tlemcen, a larger urban centre approximately 20km to the west, exerts a regional pull, potentially impacting Aïn Youcef through commuting patterns and shared industrial activity. While not heavily industrialised itself, the region supports agriculture – primarily olive groves and vineyards – and small-scale manufacturing. The surrounding landscape is dominated by Mediterranean forests and scrubland. The elevation, around 800m above sea level, affects atmospheric stability and the potential for temperature inversions, which can exacerbate air pollution episodes. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Aïn Youcef.

Air quality in Aïn Youcef follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by meteorological conditions. Summer (June-August) typically sees improved air quality due to prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and occasional rainfall washing particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, high temperatures can promote ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increased risk of stagnant air masses, leading to localised pollution build-up, particularly from residential heating sources. Winter (December-February) is often the period of poorest air quality. Reduced sunlight, temperature inversions common in the valleys, and increased reliance on wood and other solid fuels for heating contribute to higher concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants. Fog, frequently occurring due to the proximity to the Mediterranean, further traps these pollutants. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of fog. Avoiding strenuous exercise near roads during peak traffic hours is also advisable. Monitoring wind direction and local weather forecasts can help predict pollution episodes.