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Binə, a municipality within the larger city of Bakı (Baku), Azerbaijan, occupies a unique geographic position on the Absheron Peninsula, bordering the Caspian Sea. Situated at coordinates 40.4500° N, 50.0833° E, the area’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills transitioning towards the coastal plain. This proximity to the Caspian Sea exerts a significant moderating influence on the local climate, but also contributes to complex atmospheric conditions. Historically, Binə was a semi-rural settlement, but rapid urban expansion from Baku has created a pronounced urban-rural gradient, with agricultural land increasingly giving way to residential and industrial development. The surrounding landscape is largely semi-arid, with sparse vegetation. The peninsula’s geology, rich in oil and gas deposits, has fostered a substantial petrochemical industry concentrated around Baku and extending into areas near Binə. This industrial activity is a primary contributor to local air pollution. Furthermore, the prevailing winds, often channeling pollutants from Baku’s industrial zones, directly impact air quality in Binə. The elevation is relatively low, increasing susceptibility to temperature inversions which trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. The urban sprawl and increasing vehicle traffic further compound these challenges.

Binə’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and human activity. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter, but dust storms originating from the surrounding arid landscapes can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summer (June-August) typically offers the best air quality, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants over the Caspian Sea, though high ozone levels can form during periods of intense sunlight. However, increased recreational activity along the coast can contribute to localised vehicle emissions. Autumn (September-November) marks a deterioration as temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants from both Baku’s industrial areas and residential heating. This is often the period with the most stagnant air. Winter (December-February) is generally the worst time for air quality, with limited wind dispersal, increased reliance on heating (often using lower-quality fuels), and persistent temperature inversions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during autumn and winter. Months to favour for outdoor activity are June, July, and early August. Fog, common in winter, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health.