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Hövsan, a satellite city of Baku, Azerbaijan, occupies a strategically complex location within the Absheron Peninsula. Situated at approximately 40.3753° N, 50.0839° E, and with an elevation of around 25 meters above sea level, the city’s geography is intrinsically linked to its air quality challenges. The Absheron Peninsula itself is a semi-arid region characterized by a gently sloping terrain, bordered to the east by the Caspian Sea and to the west by the Greater Caucasus Mountains. This coastal position creates a unique meteorological scenario. Hövsan lies within a zone influenced by both maritime and continental air masses, often resulting in stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of calm weather. The city’s proximity to Baku, Azerbaijan’s industrial and economic hub, means it’s impacted by emissions from the capital’s refineries, petrochemical plants, and heavy traffic. Further complicating matters is the presence of oil and gas fields in the surrounding region, contributing to fugitive emissions. The urban–rural gradient around Hövsan is relatively sharp; beyond the city limits, agricultural lands and scattered villages exist, but these are increasingly encroached upon by expanding urban development. The surrounding landscape is predominantly flat, with limited natural barriers to disperse pollutants, and the Caspian Sea, while providing a visual amenity, can also trap pollutants under certain atmospheric conditions, exacerbating local air quality issues. The terrain’s flatness and coastal location contribute to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, especially when wind speeds are low.

Hövsan’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and precipitation. The warmer months, typically from May to September, often present the most significant air quality concerns. High temperatures contribute to increased photochemical smog formation, as sunlight drives reactions between pollutants. Calm, anticyclonic conditions are frequent during this period, leading to temperature inversions – a layer of warm air trapping cooler air (and pollutants) near the ground. This inversion effect is particularly pronounced in September, often resulting in prolonged periods of poor air quality. Conversely, the cooler months (November to March) generally see improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and occasional rainfall, which helps to disperse and wash away pollutants. However, periods of fog, common in late autumn and winter, can temporarily trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (October) represent transitional periods, with fluctuating wind patterns and temperatures. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the warmer months, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Limiting outdoor exertion during peak pollution episodes and utilizing air purifiers indoors are advisable. The relatively dry climate means that natural cleansing through rainfall is less frequent than in more humid regions, further influencing the seasonal air quality narrative. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities.