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Baş Göynük, nestled in the Şəki region of Azerbaijan (41.3258° N, 47.1136° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Caucasus Mountains. The town sits at an elevation of approximately 650 meters (2,133 feet), contributing to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying areas. Its urban character is distinctly provincial, a charming blend of traditional Azerbaijani architecture and modern development, reflecting its role as a regional administrative center. Baş Göynük is surrounded by a dramatic landscape of steep, forested slopes and deep valleys, characteristic of the Greater Caucasus. The Göyçay River flows nearby, providing a vital water source and influencing local microclimates. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with terraced fields supporting fruit orchards (particularly pomegranates and apples) and vineyards, a key feature of the Şəki region’s economy. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town transitions quickly into agricultural land and then into dense forest. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Baş Göynük’s proximity to Şəki city, which hosts some light industry and processing facilities, means that pollutants can be transported via prevailing winds. The mountainous topography can also trap pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. The valley setting, while beautiful, can exacerbate air quality issues by limiting dispersion, especially when combined with temperature inversions common in the autumn and winter months. The surrounding forests, however, do offer some natural air purification benefits.

Baş Göynük’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its mountainous geography and climate. Summers (June-August) are generally the most favorable period for outdoor activities. Warm temperatures and frequent winds promote good air circulation, dispersing any pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and elevated ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. As temperatures cool, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for clearing fields, can also contribute to increased particulate matter during this period. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent fog and temperature inversions, lead to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Residential heating, often reliant on solid fuels, further exacerbates the problem. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, but dust storms from nearby agricultural lands can occasionally impact air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during autumn and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure during periods of stagnant air or fog. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial. Awareness of local weather patterns and potential pollution episodes is crucial for minimizing health risks.