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Şəki, nestled in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at an elevation of approximately 1,600 meters (5,249 feet), the city occupies a valley carved by the Pambukhçay River. This mountainous terrain creates a natural bowl effect, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of stagnant air. The surrounding landscape is dominated by forested slopes and agricultural lands, primarily orchards and vineyards, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. Şəki’s position along historical trade routes, particularly the Silk Road, has shaped its urban character, resulting in a blend of traditional architecture and modern development. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of smaller-scale manufacturing and processing facilities, alongside residential heating during colder months, contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activity dominating the immediate surroundings, transitioning to more rugged mountainous terrain further afield. The Pambukhçay River, while providing a water source, doesn’t offer significant dispersion of pollutants due to the valley’s topography. This combination of factors makes Şəki susceptible to air quality challenges, particularly during specific meteorological conditions.

Şəki experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary worsening due to agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields, releasing particulate matter. Winds are variable, sometimes offering relief, but temperature inversions in the valley can trap pollutants. Summers (June-August) generally offer the cleanest air, with higher temperatures promoting dispersion and rainfall washing away some pollutants. However, increased traffic from tourism can contribute to localised emissions. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of agricultural burning, coupled with the onset of heating season, leading to increased concentrations of smoke and combustion byproducts. November is often the most polluted month. Winters (December-February) are characterised by cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants from residential heating – primarily wood and coal – against the valley walls. Fog is common, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Spring can also pose risks due to pollen and smoke. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on still, cold days is advisable.