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Lohāgāra, nestled within the Chattogram District of Bangladesh at coordinates 22.0112°N, 92.1009°E, is a small urban centre deeply embedded in the hilly southeastern landscape of the country. With a population of approximately 30,815, the city’s geography is significantly shaped by its proximity to the Karnaphuli River and the surrounding Eastern Hills. The terrain is undulating, transitioning from low-lying coastal plains to steeper slopes as one moves eastward. This topography influences air circulation patterns, potentially creating localized pockets of stagnant air. Lohāgāra isn’t a major industrial hub itself, but its location within the broader Chattogram region – a significant port and industrial zone – means it’s susceptible to pollutants transported by prevailing winds. Surrounding the city are agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies, and pockets of forested hills. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a quick transition to agricultural activity outside the city limits. This proximity to both agricultural practices (potential for biomass burning) and regional industrial activity creates a complex air quality scenario. The coastal location also introduces the influence of sea breezes and potential salt spray, which can affect particulate matter composition. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Lohāgāra.

Lohāgāra experiences a tropical monsoon climate, dictating a distinct wet and dry season that heavily influences air quality. The dry season, roughly November to March, typically sees the poorest air quality. Lower humidity and stable atmospheric conditions contribute to the build-up of pollutants from local sources and regional transport. Temperature inversions, common during cooler months, trap pollutants near the ground. January and February are often the most challenging months for respiratory health. The pre-monsoon period (April-May) brings increasing temperatures and occasional dust storms, further degrading air quality. The arrival of the monsoon in June marks a significant improvement. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased wind speeds disperse contaminants. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and mildew, impacting indoor air quality. The monsoon season (June-October) generally offers the cleanest air, though localised flooding can exacerbate pollution from sewage and waste. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and be mindful of indoor air quality year-round. Monitoring weather patterns and heeding local health advisories are vital for protecting respiratory health.