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Parsuram, nestled within the Chattogram District of Bangladesh, occupies a low-lying, predominantly rural landscape. Located at approximately 23.2114°N latitude and 91.4686°E longitude, the city’s geography is defined by the gentle slopes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the east and the flat, alluvial plains extending westward towards the Bay of Bengal. The Karnafuli River, a vital waterway, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to temperature inversions. Parsuram’s elevation is minimal, making it susceptible to localised flooding during the monsoon season. Surrounding the urban centre are extensive agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies, alongside pockets of small-scale industries, including brick kilns and garment factories. These industries, while providing economic opportunities, are significant sources of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; transitioning quickly from densely populated areas to agricultural fields. This proximity means pollutants from agricultural practices – burning of crop residue – and industrial emissions readily impact the city’s air quality. The prevailing winds, influenced by the monsoon patterns and regional topography, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating these pollutants, often trapping them during calmer periods. The city’s location within a river delta also contributes to high humidity, which can exacerbate the effects of air pollution on respiratory health.

Parsuram experiences a tropical monsoon climate, dictating a distinct wet and dry season that profoundly impacts air quality. The dry season, roughly November to March, typically sees the poorest air quality. Lower rainfall means pollutants from brick kilns, vehicular emissions, and agricultural burning accumulate, with temperature inversions common during cooler mornings trapping them near ground level. January and February are often the most challenging months for those with respiratory sensitivities. The pre-monsoon period (April-May) brings increasing heat and dust storms, further degrading air quality. The arrival of the monsoon in June marks a significant improvement. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon also brings localised flooding, which can disrupt transportation and potentially release pollutants from stagnant water. September and October, as the monsoon recedes, see a gradual return of drier conditions and a corresponding decline in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and periods of dust storms. Monitoring local conditions and using appropriate respiratory protection is advisable.