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Gaibandha, a small city nestled within the Rangpur Division of Bangladesh, occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain formed by the Teesta and Jamuna rivers. Its coordinates (25.3290, 89.5415) place it in a predominantly agricultural landscape, characteristic of much of northern Bangladesh. The terrain is low-lying, with an average elevation of only a few meters above sea level, making it susceptible to seasonal flooding. The city’s location isn’t directly adjacent to major industrial belts, but it’s surrounded by extensive farmland, primarily rice paddies, and a growing number of brick kilns serving regional construction demands. This agricultural dominance, while vital for the local economy, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution through crop residue burning and fertilizer use. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Gaibandha itself is a compact urban centre, but quickly transitions into rural agricultural lands. The proximity to the Jamuna River, while providing a water source, also influences local humidity and can contribute to stagnant air conditions, trapping pollutants during periods of low wind speed. The regional climate, a humid subtropical one, further exacerbates these conditions. The city’s air quality is therefore intrinsically linked to its agricultural setting and the prevailing meteorological conditions.

Gaibandha experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly November to March, is typically when pollution peaks. Lower humidity and cooler temperatures lead to increased use of biomass burning for heating and cooking, alongside dust from agricultural activities. Temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping pollutants near the ground. January and February are often the worst periods for air quality. The pre-monsoon season (April-May) sees rising temperatures and increased dust storms, further degrading air quality. The arrival of the monsoon in June brings a significant improvement. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon can also lead to localised flooding, potentially spreading contaminants. September and October, as the monsoon recedes, see a gradual return of drier conditions and increased pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and pre-monsoon periods. Wearing masks and avoiding peak traffic hours are recommended. Monitoring local weather reports for dust storm warnings is also crucial.