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Rangapukur is situated within Bangladesh's Rangpur Division, positioned at coordinates 25.5206°N, 89.2147°E in the country's northwestern region. This urban area lies in the vast Gangetic Plain, characterized by flat alluvial terrain with minimal elevation variation, typically ranging between 30-40 meters above sea level. The city's geography places it within the Teesta River basin, with the Teesta River flowing approximately 20 kilometers to the east and numerous smaller tributaries and wetlands interspersed throughout the surrounding landscape. Rangapukur's location within South Asia's densely populated agricultural heartland means it exists at the intersection of urban development and intensive farming zones, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient where city emissions blend with agricultural pollution sources. The region's flat topography inhibits natural ventilation, allowing pollutants to accumulate rather than disperse efficiently. Proximity to India's border regions adds transboundary pollution influences, particularly during certain seasonal wind patterns. While not part of Bangladesh's major industrial belts like Dhaka or Chittagong, Rangapukur experiences localized industrial activity combined with significant vehicular emissions and residential biomass burning. The city's position in this fertile floodplain, surrounded by rice paddies and other crop fields, means agricultural burning contributes to periodic pollution spikes. This geographic context creates a complex air quality scenario where urban emissions, agricultural practices, and meteorological conditions specific to northwestern Bangladesh converge.

Rangapukur's air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns influenced by the South Asian monsoon system and regional meteorological conditions. During winter (December-February), pollution typically peaks due to temperature inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground, combined with increased biomass burning for heating and agricultural residue burning after harvest. This period often experiences dense fog that mixes with pollutants, creating hazardous smog conditions. Sensitive groups should limit outdoor activities during morning hours when inversions are strongest. Spring (March-May) brings gradually improving conditions as temperatures rise and inversion layers break, though occasional dust storms from drier western regions can cause temporary deterioration. The pre-monsoon heat creates convective mixing that helps disperse pollutants. Summer (June-August) offers the cleanest air as the southwest monsoon arrives with heavy rainfall that scrubs pollutants from the atmosphere and strong winds that provide excellent ventilation. This is the optimal season for outdoor activities. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual decline in air quality as monsoon rains retreat, agricultural burning resumes for the Aman rice harvest, and meteorological conditions become more stagnant. The post-monsoon period typically shows worsening pollution through November as wind patterns shift and atmospheric stability increases. Throughout the year, sensitive individuals including those with respiratory conditions, children, and the elderly should monitor local air quality reports and consider wearing masks during peak pollution periods, particularly in winter months.